Greek Symbols for LaTeX

The complete reference for Greek letters in LaTeX — lowercase, uppercase, variants, and their common mathematical uses. Click any symbol to copy its command.

Lowercase Greek Letters

Symbol	Command	Use
α	\alpha	alpha — used for angles, coefficients, significance level
β	\beta	beta — regression coefficients, angles, beta function
γ	\gamma	gamma — Euler-Mascheroni constant, surface tension
δ	\delta	delta — small change, Kronecker delta, Dirac delta
ϵ	\epsilon	epsilon — small positive quantity, permittivity
ε	\varepsilon	varepsilon — variant epsilon (commonly preferred)
ζ	\zeta	zeta — Riemann zeta function, damping ratio
η	\eta	eta — efficiency, viscosity, metric tensor
θ	\theta	theta — angles, parameter estimation, temperature
ϑ	\vartheta	vartheta — variant theta (script style)
ι	\iota	iota — inclusion map, index
κ	\kappa	kappa — curvature, condition number, dielectric constant
λ	\lambda	lambda — eigenvalues, wavelength, Poisson rate
μ	\mu	mu — mean, micro prefix, coefficient of friction
ν	\nu	nu — frequency, degrees of freedom, kinematic viscosity
ξ	\xi	xi — random variable, damping factor
π	\pi	pi — ratio of circumference to diameter (3.14159...)
ϖ	\varpi	varpi — variant pi (curly form)
ρ	\rho	rho — density, correlation coefficient, resistivity
ϱ	\varrho	varrho — variant rho (curly form)

Uppercase Greek Letters

Symbol	Command	Use
Σ	\Sigma	Sigma — summation, covariance matrix, surface
Γ	\Gamma	Gamma — gamma function, circulation, Christoffel symbols
Δ	\Delta	Delta — change/difference, Laplacian, discriminant
Θ	\Theta	Theta — big-O variant, Heaviside step function
Λ	\Lambda	Lambda — diagonal matrix, cosmological constant
Ξ	\Xi	Xi — cascade baryon, grand potential
Π	\Pi	Pi — product notation, profit function, projection
Υ	\Upsilon	Upsilon — upsilon meson
Φ	\Phi	Phi — magnetic flux, cumulative distribution, potential
Ψ	\Psi	Psi — quantum wave function, digamma function
Ω	\Omega	Omega — ohm (unit), sample space, solid angle

Variant Forms

Symbol	Command	Use
ε	\varepsilon	varepsilon — variant of epsilon, commonly used in analysis
ϑ	\vartheta	vartheta — variant of theta, used in thermodynamics
ϖ	\varpi	varpi — variant of pi, rarely used
ϱ	\varrho	varrho — variant of rho, used in fluid dynamics
ς	\varsigma	varsigma — final sigma, end-of-word Greek form
φ	\varphi	varphi — variant of phi, preferred in physics

Greek Letters in Mathematics

Symbols	Commands	Use
α, β	\alpha, \beta	Regression coefficients & significance levels
π	\pi	Circle constant — circumference / diameter ≈ 3.14159
Σ, ∑	\Sigma, \sum	Summation — adding series of terms
Π, ∏	\Pi, \prod	Product — multiplying series of terms
Δ	\Delta	Change or difference — Δx means change in x
δ	\delta	Infinitesimal change — Kronecker & Dirac deltas
μ, σ	\mu, \sigma	Mean & standard deviation in statistics
λ	\lambda	Eigenvalue — Ax = λx, also wavelength
θ	\theta	Angle parameter — widely used in trigonometry
φ, Φ	\phi, \Phi	Golden ratio, potential fields, flux
ω, Ω	\omega, \Omega	Angular velocity & sample space / ohm
Γ	\Gamma	Gamma function — generalized factorial
ϵ	\epsilon	Arbitrarily small quantity in proofs
χ	\chi	Chi-squared test — goodness of fit
ψ, Ψ	\psi, \Psi	Wave functions in quantum mechanics
∇	\nabla	Del / nabla — gradient, divergence, curl

Pronunciation Guide

Symbol	Command	Pronunciation
α	\alpha	AL-fuh
β	\beta	BAY-tuh (or BEE-tuh)
γ	\gamma	GAM-uh
δ	\delta	DEL-tuh
ε	\epsilon	EP-sih-lon
ζ	\zeta	ZAY-tuh
η	\eta	AY-tuh
θ	\theta	THAY-tuh
ι	\iota	eye-OH-tuh
κ	\kappa	KAP-uh
λ	\lambda	LAM-duh
μ	\mu	MYOO
ν	\nu	NOO
ξ	\xi	KSEE (or ZAI)
π	\pi	PIE
ρ	\rho	ROH
σ	\sigma	SIG-muh
τ	\tau	TAW (rhymes with cow)
υ	\upsilon	OOP-sih-lon
φ	\phi	FIE (or FEE)