# Greek Symbols for LaTeX

The complete reference for Greek letters in LaTeX — lowercase, uppercase, variants, and their common mathematical uses. Click any symbol to copy its command.

## Lowercase Greek Letters

| Symbol | Command    | Use                                     |
|--------|------------|-----------------------------------------|
| α      | \alpha    | alpha — used for angles, coefficients, significance level |
| β      | \beta     | beta — regression coefficients, angles, beta function |
| γ      | \gamma    | gamma — Euler-Mascheroni constant, surface tension |
| δ      | \delta    | delta — small change, Kronecker delta, Dirac delta |
| ϵ      | \epsilon  | epsilon — small positive quantity, permittivity |
| ε      | \varepsilon| varepsilon — variant epsilon (commonly preferred) |
| ζ      | \zeta     | zeta — Riemann zeta function, damping ratio |
| η      | \eta      | eta — efficiency, viscosity, metric tensor |
| θ      | \theta    | theta — angles, parameter estimation, temperature |
| ϑ      | \vartheta | vartheta — variant theta (script style) |
| ι      | \iota     | iota — inclusion map, index |
| κ      | \kappa    | kappa — curvature, condition number, dielectric constant |
| λ      | \lambda   | lambda — eigenvalues, wavelength, Poisson rate |
| μ      | \mu       | mu — mean, micro prefix, coefficient of friction |
| ν      | \nu       | nu — frequency, degrees of freedom, kinematic viscosity |
| ξ      | \xi       | xi — random variable, damping factor |
| π      | \pi       | pi — ratio of circumference to diameter (3.14159...) |
| ϖ      | \varpi    | varpi — variant pi (curly form) |
| ρ      | \rho      | rho — density, correlation coefficient, resistivity |
| ϱ      | \varrho   | varrho — variant rho (curly form) |

## Uppercase Greek Letters

| Symbol | Command    | Use                                                 |
|--------|------------|----------------------------------------------------|
| Σ      | \Sigma    | Sigma — summation, covariance matrix, surface    |
| Γ      | \Gamma    | Gamma — gamma function, circulation, Christoffel symbols |
| Δ      | \Delta    | Delta — change/difference, Laplacian, discriminant |
| Θ      | \Theta    | Theta — big-O variant, Heaviside step function    |
| Λ      | \Lambda   | Lambda — diagonal matrix, cosmological constant    |
| Ξ      | \Xi       | Xi — cascade baryon, grand potential               |
| Π      | \Pi       | Pi — product notation, profit function, projection   |
| Υ      | \Upsilon  | Upsilon — upsilon meson                            |
| Φ      | \Phi      | Phi — magnetic flux, cumulative distribution, potential |
| Ψ      | \Psi      | Psi — quantum wave function, digamma function      |
| Ω      | \Omega    | Omega — ohm (unit), sample space, solid angle     |

## Variant Forms

| Symbol | Command    | Use                                                |
|--------|------------|---------------------------------------------------|
| ε      | \varepsilon| varepsilon — variant of epsilon, commonly used in analysis |
| ϑ      | \vartheta | vartheta — variant of theta, used in thermodynamics |
| ϖ      | \varpi    | varpi — variant of pi, rarely used               |
| ϱ      | \varrho   | varrho — variant of rho, used in fluid dynamics   |
| ς      | \varsigma | varsigma — final sigma, end-of-word Greek form    |
| φ      | \varphi   | varphi — variant of phi, preferred in physics     |

## Greek Letters in Mathematics

| Symbols       | Commands                     | Use                                           |
|---------------|------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| α, β         | \alpha, \beta              | Regression coefficients & significance levels  |
| π            | \pi                         | Circle constant — circumference / diameter ≈ 3.14159 |
| Σ, ∑         | \Sigma, \sum               | Summation — adding series of terms            |
| Π, ∏         | \Pi, \prod                 | Product — multiplying series of terms         |
| Δ            | \Delta                      | Change or difference — Δx means change in x   |
| δ            | \delta                      | Infinitesimal change — Kronecker & Dirac deltas |
| μ, σ         | \mu, \sigma                | Mean & standard deviation in statistics        |
| λ            | \lambda                     | Eigenvalue — Ax = λx, also wavelength        |
| θ            | \theta                      | Angle parameter — widely used in trigonometry  |
| φ, Φ         | \phi, \Phi                 | Golden ratio, potential fields, flux          |
| ω, Ω         | \omega, \Omega             | Angular velocity & sample space / ohm        |
| Γ            | \Gamma                      | Gamma function — generalized factorial        |
| ϵ            | \epsilon                    | Arbitrarily small quantity in proofs          |
| χ            | \chi                        | Chi-squared test — goodness of fit           |
| ψ, Ψ         | \psi, \Psi                 | Wave functions in quantum mechanics            |
| ∇            | \nabla                      | Del / nabla — gradient, divergence, curl     |

## Pronunciation Guide

| Symbol | Command    | Pronunciation |
|--------|------------|----------------|
| α      | \alpha    | AL-fuh        |
| β      | \beta     | BAY-tuh (or BEE-tuh)        |
| γ      | \gamma    | GAM-uh        |
| δ      | \delta    | DEL-tuh       |
| ε      | \epsilon  | EP-sih-lon    |
| ζ      | \zeta     | ZAY-tuh       |
| η      | \eta      | AY-tuh        |
| θ      | \theta    | THAY-tuh      |
| ι      | \iota     | eye-OH-tuh    |
| κ      | \kappa    | KAP-uh        |
| λ      | \lambda   | LAM-duh       |
| μ      | \mu       | MYOO          |
| ν      | \nu       | NOO           |
| ξ      | \xi       | KSEE (or ZAI) |
| π      | \pi       | PIE           |
| ρ      | \rho      | ROH           |
| σ      | \sigma    | SIG-muh       |
| τ      | \tau      | TAW (rhymes with cow) |
| υ      | \upsilon  | OOP-sih-lon   |
| φ      | \phi      | FIE (or FEE)  |